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When a background is not of a consistent and distinctivecolor, you can’t remove the background with keying effects. Underthese conditions, you may need to use rotoscoping—the manual drawingor painting on individual frames to isolate a foreground objectfrom its background. (See Rotoscopingintroduction and resources.)
About keying: color keys, luminancekeys, and difference keys
Keying is defining transparencyby a particular color value or luminance value in an image. Whenyou key out a value, all pixels that have colors orluminance values similar to that value become transparent.
Keyingmakes it easy to replace a background, which is especially usefulwhen you work with objects too complex to mask easily. When youplace a keyed layer over another layer, the result forms a composite,in which the background is visible wherever the keyed layer is transparent.
Youoften see composites made with keying techniques in movies, forexample, when an actor appears to dangle from a helicopter or floatin outer space. To create this effect, the actor is filmed in anappropriate position against a solid-color background screen. Thebackground color is then keyed out and the scene with the actoris composited over a new background.
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The technique of keyingout a background of a consistent color is often called bluescreening or greenscreening,although you don’t have to use a blue or green screen; you can useany solid color for a background. Red screens are often used forshooting non-human objects, such as miniature models of cars andspace ships. Magenta screens have been used for keying work in somefeature films renowned for their visual effects. Other common termsfor this kind of keying are color keying and chromakeying.
Difference keying works differentlyfrom color keying. Difference keying defines transparency with respectto a particular baseline background image. Instead of keying outa single-color screen, you can key out an arbitrary background.To use difference keying, you must have at least one frame thatcontains only the background; other frames are compared to thisframe, and the background pixels are made transparent, leaving theforeground objects. Noise, grain, and other subtle variations canmake difference keying very difficult to use in practice.
After Effects includes several built-in keying effects, as well as the Academy Award-winning Keylight effect, which excels at professional-quality color keying. (See Keying effects and Matte effects.)
For information on the Keylight effect, see its documentation in the folder in which the Keylight plug-in is installed, or on the Foundry website.
Note:
Thoughthe color keying effects built into After Effects can be usefulfor some purposes, you should try keying with Keylight before attemptingto use these built-in keying effects. Some keying effects—such asthe Color Key effect and the Luma Key effect—have been supersededby more modern effects like Keylight.
The Key Cleaner and Advanced Spill Suppressor effects are most effective when applied together, in that order, after a keying effect like Keylight.
Use the Keylight + Key Cleaner + Advanced Spill Suppressor animation preset (located in the Image-Utilities presets folder) to apply all the three effects. The Advanced Spill Suppressor effect is turned off by default to allow you to sample the key color in the Keylight effect or if the footage does not have any color spill to be removed. For more information, see Key Cleaner and Advanced Spill Suppressor effect.
Mark Christiansen provides tips and techniques for using Keylight in an excerpt from his book After Effects Studio Techniques: Visual Effects and Compositing on the Peachpit Press website. In an excerpt from the “Color Keying in After Effects” chapter of After Effects Studio Techniques, Mark Christiansen provides detailed tips and techniques for color keying, including advice on which keying effects to avoid and how to overcome common keying challenges.
For a step-by-step tutorial demonstrating the use of the Color Difference Key effect, the Matte Choker effect, the Spill Suppressor effect, and garbage masks, see the “Keying in After Effects” chapter of the After Effects Classroom in a Book on the Peachpit Press website.
Jeff Foster provides free sample chapters from his book The Green Screen Handbook: Real World Production Techniques. The sample chapters cover basic compositing, color keying, garbage mattes, hold-out mattes, and how to avoid common problems with greenscreen shots. For more information, see the Adobe website.
Rich Young collects more tips and resources for keying on his After Effects Portal website.
Tips on color keying and compositing from experienced compositor, Chris Zwar.
Note:
Keep in mind that generating a high-quality key can require the application of multiple keying effects in sequence and careful modification of their properties, especially if the footage was shot without considering the requirements of the compositor.
For tips on shooting footage so that color keying is easier and more successful, see Jonas Hummelstrand’s General Specialist website.
Lightyour color screen uniformly, and keep it free of wrinkles.
Start with the highest-quality materials you can gather,such as film that you scan and digitize.
Use uncompressed footage (or, at least, files with the leastpossible amount of compression). Many compression algorithms, especiallythe algorithms used in DV, HDV, and Motion JPEG, discard subtlevariations in blue—which may be necessary to create a good key froma bluescreen. Use footage with the least color subsampling possible—forexample, 4:2:2 rather than 4:2:0 or 4:1:1. (For information aboutcolor subsampling, see the Wikipedia website and the Adobe website.)
RobbieCarman and Richard Harrington provide an excerpt on the Peachpit website from their book Video Made On A Mac thatdemonstrates how to plan, shoot, key, and composite a greenscreenshot.
- Use a garbage matte to roughly outline your subject so that you don’t have to waste time keying out parts of the background far from the foreground subject. (See Use a garbage matte.)
- Use a hold-out matte to roughly protect areas that are of a similar color to the background from being keyed out. (See Use a hold-out matte.)
- To help you view transparency, temporarily change the background color of the composition, or include a background layer behind the layer you are keying out. As you apply the keying effect to the layer in the foreground, the composition background (or a background layer) shows through, making it easy to view transparent areas. (See Composition settings.)
- For evenly lit footage, adjust keying controls on only one frame. Choose the most intricate frame of the scene, one involving fine detail such as hair and transparent or semitransparent objects, such as smoke or glass. If the lighting is constant, the same settings you apply to the first frame are applied to all subsequent frames. If lighting changes, you may need to adjust keying controls for other frames. Place keyframes for the first set of keying properties at the start of the scene. If you are setting keyframes for one property only, use Linear interpolation. For footage that requires keyframes for multiple interacting properties, use Hold interpolation. If you set keyframes for keying properties, you may want to check the results frame by frame. Intermediate keying values may appear, producing unexpected results.
- To key well-lit footage shot against a color screen, start with the Color Difference Key. Add the Advanced Spill Suppressor effect to remove traces of the key color, and then use one or more of the other Matte effects, if necessary. If you are not satisfied with the results, try starting again with the Linear Color Key.
- To key well-lit footage shot against multiple colors or unevenly lit footage shot against a bluescreen or greenscreen, start with the Color Range key. Add the Advanced Spill Suppressor and other effects to refine the matte. If you are not completely satisfied with the results, try starting with or adding the Linear Color Key.
- Using the Key Cleaner and the Advanced Spill Suppressor effect in sequence is the best way to go about applying Keying effects. You can use the Keylight effect in combination with the Key Cleaner and Advanced Spill Suppressor effects in that order on a layer using the Keylight+Key Cleaner+Advanced Spill Suppressor animation preset in the Image-Utlities folder under Animation Presets. The Advanced Spill Suppressor effect is turned off by default to allow you to sample the key color in the Keylight effect or if the footage does not have any color spill to be removed. For more information, see Key Cleaner and Advanced Spill Suppressor effect.
- To key dark areas or shadows, use the Extract Key on the Luminance channel.
- To make a static background scene transparent, use the Difference Matte Key. Add the Simple Choker and other effects as needed to refine the matte.
- After you have used a key to
create transparency, use Matte effects to remove traces of key color and create clean edges. - Blurring the alpha channel after keying can soften the edges of the matte, which can improve compositing results.
A garbage matte (or junkmatte) removes unneeded portions of the scene, resultingin a rough area that contains only the subject that you want tokeep. When you are working with a poorly lit or uneven color screen(for example, a bluescreen or greenscreen), sketching a garbagematte around the subject can greatly reduce the amount of work thatyou have to do in keying out the background. However, if you spenda lot of time making a perfect garbage matte that exactly outlinesthe subject—essentially rotoscoping—you lose the time-saving advantageof keying.
- Apply one or more keying effects to mask out the remainderof the background.
- Apply Matte effects as necessary to fine-tune the matte.
Aharon Rabinowitz provides a video tutorial on the Creative COW website that shows howto create a super-tight garbage matte using Auto-trace.
Use a hold-out matte (also knownas a hold-back matte) to patch a scene to which a keyingeffect has been applied.
A hold-out matte is a masked-outportion of a duplicate of a layer that you have keyed. The duplicateis masked to include only the area of the image that contains thekey color that you want to preserve as opaque. The hold-out matte isthen placed directly on top of the keyed layer.
A. Original bluescreen image. The background for the numberis also blue. B. After keying, the backgroundfor the number is also transparent. C. Hold-outmatte containing the part of the image you want to remain opaque D. When thehold-out matte is placed on top of the keyed image, the backgroundfor the number is now opaque.
- Apply keying effects and Matte effects to the originallayer to create transparency.
- On the duplicate layer, create masks to mask out everythingin the image except the area that you want to preserve.
- Make sure that the copy (the hold-out matte) is positioneddirectly on top of the keyed layer.
Note:
Don’t change Transform properties of only one ofthe layers after making the duplicate; keep the layers moving together.Consider parenting one to the other. (See Parentand child layers.)
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